Factors Affecting Employment in Kenya

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Factors Affecting Employment in Kenya

Creating opportunities in terms of employment is of critical concern to every country in the world. While the developed countries have some strategies to cushion the citizen against unemployment, the developing and under developed countries are still struggling with the impact of unemployment. The worst hit is the Sub-Saharan Africa where unemployment rate especially that of youth is far beyond economic growth.There are a number of factors that have continued to affect employment in Kenya. These factors are traced from colonial era and continue to have influence even today. The major factors discussed in this paper include:economic factor, political factor, migration factor, organizational factor and demographic factors (gender and ethnicity factor).

Economic Factor

Kenya’s economy is market-based, with some state-owned infrastructure enterprises, and maintains a liberalized external trade system. The economy’s hea[vy dependence on rain-fed agriculture and the tourism sector leaves it vulnerable to cycles of boom and bust. The agricultural sector employs nearly 75 percent of the country’s 38 million people. Half of the sector’s output remains subsistence production. (Odhiambo, 2006).

The economic state in Kenya has also been noted to be a contributor towards employments and workers’ progress. In the early 2000s, agriculture remains the population’s main occupation and source of income. In 2006 Kenya’s labor force was estimated to include about 12 million workers, almost 75 percent in agriculture. The number employed outside small-scale agriculture and pastoralism was about 6 million. In 2004 about 15 percent of the labor force was officially classified as unemployed. Other estimates place Kenya’s unemployment much higher, even up to 40 percent. (Odhiambo, 2006).

Political Factor

Political influence has had an arguably considerable effect on employments and employment arenas in Kenya. For example, in the colonial era, the new administrators had to be distributed to all regions of the new colony so as to establish effective administration of the natives. This move started administrative centers that were eventually to grow into second level urban centers after the first level ones, mainly those along the railway line. These new administrative centers became key points for collection of raw materials, taxes and control of the labor market, which was a primary concern of the colonial system in Kenya and in many other colonized African countries.

Even today, politics have continued to influence employment in Kenya. Some positions in government are political. In such positions, one is expected to show loyalty to the employer (god father). One is at risk if the political employer loses office. Other positions have civil service or other protections which protect one’s position from changes of employer or party. (Employment Relations Record, 2004).

Migration Factor

An Urban center in Kenya has been defined as any area with over 2,000 persons. This has not been revised yet since the 1948 population census. It is notable that there was a slight decline of urban population growth between 1969 to 1979. This could be attributed to the efforts of the “Back to the land policy” adopted by the Kenyatta Government. One way that rural urban migration was slightly averted during those years is through the resettlement policies to productive agricultural areas especially those formerly owned by white settlers. This may also explain why in the 1970s, the pattern of urban growth shifted significantly from the major cities (Nairobi and Mombasa) to secondary towns whose share of the total urban population grew from 7 percent to 31 percent. Nairobi and Mombasa underwent a decrease in population share from 70 percent to 51 percent over the same period (World Bank 1982).

Today, the wave of urban-rural migration is higher than ever before. People migrate to town looking for greener pastures forgetting that the very rural areas have equally their own opportunities. Rapid urbanization leading to what has been described as over urbanization has been a consequence of rural urban migration. While the cities of East Africa as well as other parts of Africa are still considerably smaller in size compared to the cities in Europe, the fact of the matter is that they have grown much faster that those in Europe grew during their time. Given that urban development in Kenya was not coupled with industrialization, a great consequence has been the rising unemployment rates especially as was the case in Kenya in the late 1970s to the present. Many school leavers have continued to migrate to the urban areas with the hope of formal employment as per their training and many have had to lower their expectations. Many have also been forced to seek other alternatives and forget their college diplomas, which have not translated into the “[expected job!” The labor market in the urban areas was in the colonial period controlled but after independence there was free migration and this increased the labor resource while the market for it did not grow at the same time. (GoK,2002).

Organizational Factors

The recruitment function of the organizations is affected and governed by a mix of various internal and external forces. The internal forces or factors are the factors that can be controlled by the organization. And the external factors are those factors which cannot be controlled by the organization.

There are certain internal factors that influence institutional employment. These include recruitment policy in the organization, human resource planning, size of the firm, cost of recruitment and growth and expansion. Employment in the organization may also be influence by certain external factors. These include supply and demand, labor market, political, social and legal framework and employment rate in the country. (Kleiner, 2009).

Demographic Factors

Demographic factors that may affect employment include gender, tribe (ethnicity), education and religion. This paper briefly explores gender and ethnicity factors. Gender since it is the most pronounced in relation to employment in Sub-Saharan Africa where social roles are still quite much pronounced and ethnicity since it is deeply rooted in most of African societies.

Gender Factor

Traditionally (in African context), men left home for work and women remained back home to carry on with home chores. While men primarily left their rural homes during the colonial period to go and work in the urban areas, women often left without the promise of a job. Women were pushed out of their rural settings by a number of non-economic factors. Key among those conditions included social conditions at their rural homes, marital unhappiness and lack of social services. This in any case did not resolve employment problems. There were jobs that were specifically held to be men’s. Thus, they still suffered discrimination and could only engage in general chores socially deemed fit for them. Today, even with affirmative action being taken to absorb them in labor market, there are still disparities. (Macharia,1997).

Ethnicity Factor

Ethnicity has had a long-term effect on employments and the labor market in Kenya. A number of recruits have been getting employment considerations on the basis of their ethnic origins, even in the recent past. It was on this basis that the country’s colonial system of governance managed people’s movements to various parts of the country, by implementing restrictions that relied on their origins. The Kikuyus especially those from Kabete in Kiambu District were able to move easily and without much cost to Nairobi. (Onstad 1990). Ethnicity in Kenya is deep rooted. It has had its influence from political to social and economic spheres. Even today, job placement is largely influenced by ones’ ethnicity rather than on merit.

References

Employment Relations Record (2004). Employment relationship and politicisation: Views of Malaysian civil servants working in Penang.
GoK (2002). The 1998/99 integrated labour force survey report, Ministry of Planning and National Development, Nairobi. Government Press.

Odhiambo, O. (2006). Enhancing the Productive Capacity of Rural Youth in Agriculture, Environment and Natural Resource Management towards Employment Creation in Kenya: Experiences from Kenya Rural Youth Livelihood Strategies Programme (KERYLIP) Pilot Project in Nyando District-Nyanza Province of Kenya. Nairobi: Youth Employment Summit-Nairobi (YES).

World Bank (1982). “Kenya- Economic Development and Urbanization Policy,” Vol. II. Main Report, Washington D.C.

Surveys Show Lack of Knowledge on Deep Linking Adversely Affecting Sem and Web Directories

admin    Web Marketing     Adversely, Affecting, Deep, Directories, Knowledge, Lack, Linking, Show, Surveys

For the Internet and World Wide Web to survive in today’s so called Web 2.0 climate it needs to preserve the integrity of what made the web work in the first place and that is take care of links and their various usages.

Deep Linking as far as the World Wide Web is concerned is described as making a point or hyperlink that points to a specific page or image on another website and accessing that URL directly as opposed to going into the website via the homepage or main page.

Now in its basic form the World Wide Web is, as the name suggests a connection of inter-related computers and websites connected to each other by links and the whole thing comes together and manifests itself resembling that of a spiders web hence the name…web. With me so far?

Surveys have shown recently that an apparent lack of knowledge with regard to proper linking and deep linking especially could have an adverse effect on the way that web sites and ultimately Search Engines report and classify data.

The problem lies with the fact that Web Masters and Web Directories brought up in the ways of what is now called Web 1.0 that is to say, the old fashioned way are now becoming fewer and fewer with more and more newer webmasters using automatic technology to create and monitor links pages.

The knock on effect on this is that if only one page of a site is linked externally and the internal linking structure of the site is not correct or doesn’t function properly then there is no way that the Search Engines can classify or rank a site properly and hence the downgrading of facilities and pages.

Correct usage and knowledge of linking “netiquette” and best practice will go a long way to solving the problem but today’s webmaster is no longer prepared to wait the time to “learn their craft” rather relying on automated systems to do this work for them and hence the overall levels of bad practice and ignorance are rising.

Now in recent years the tendency has arisen for website owners to control the points at which websites are accessed by the search engine’s spiders and bots and therein lies the problem.

It was at this point that everyone lost the plot big time and in their haste to control what was spidered and when, a lot of webmasters virtually killed their points of access and entry as far as good old Googlebot, Yahoo slurp and Msnbot were concerned and as such it has come to pass that they now have a much greatly reduced number of their web pages indexed and the various knock on effects that these bring.

The answer boys and girls? Open up your websites more, let spiders index pages deep in your site and if the truth be know, if you are a believer in the whole concept of “Latent Semantic Indexing (LSI)” or “Siloing” then actually your own deep internal links correctly managed can not only do you the power of good as far as Directories are concerned but can help you in your own internal SEM as well.

Easy really?

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